What is the mechanism of action of ATMP as a scale inhibitor in water treatment?

The mechanism of action of ATMP (Aminotrimethylene Phosphonic Acid) as a scale inhibitor in water treatment involves a combination of chemical sequestration, crystal modification, and dispersion effects. Here’s a detailed breakdown of how ATMP prevents scale formation:

1. Threshold Inhibition (Sequestration)

Chelation of Metal Ions:

ATMP’s phosphonic acid groups (–PO₃H₂) strongly bind to Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, and Fe²⁺ ions in water, forming so